Technique for delivering network personal video recorder service and broadcast programming service over a communications network

ABSTRACT

A resident application and a second application are provided in a set-top terminal to receive a TV broadcast service and network personal video recorder (NPVR) service, respectively. The resident application is suspended in favor of the second application when a user changes from a broadcast channel to an NPVR enabled channel, and vice versa. In an embodiment where a digital video recorder (DVR) set-top terminal is used, a DVR server therein provides trick mode functions (pause, rewind and fast-forward) before an NPVR session, e.g., a Look Back session, is established. In another embodiment, during an NPVR session the DVR server plays back recorded programming content downloaded from a communications network, and provides trick mode functions as well.

The present application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser.No. 10/302,550 filed on Nov. 22, 2002, which issued on Jul. 4, 2006bearing U.S. Pat. No. 7,073,189 B2, which claims the benefit ofProvisional Application Ser. No. 60/377,963 filed on May 3, 2002.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to communications systems and methods, and moreparticularly to a system and method for delivering entertainmentprograms through a communications network, e.g., a cable TV network.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

With the advent of digital communications technology, many TV programstreams are transmitted in digital formats. For example, DigitalSatellite System (DSS), Digital Broadcast Services (DBS), and AdvancedTelevision Standards Committee (ATSC) program streams are digitallyformatted pursuant to the well known Moving Pictures Experts Group 2(MPEG-2) standard. The MPEG-2 standard specifies, among others, themethodologies for video and audio data compressions which allow multipleprograms, with different video and audio feeds, multiplexed in atransport stream traversing a single transmission channel. A digital TVreceiver may be used to decode an MPEG-2 encoded transport stream, andextract the desired program therefrom.

MPEG-2 Background

In accordance with the MPEG-2 standard, video data may be compressedbased on a sequence of groups of pictures (GOPs), made up of three typesof picture frames—intra-coded picture frames (“I-frames”), forwardpredictive frames (“P-frames”) and bilinear frames (“B-frames”). EachGOP may, for example, begin with an I-frame which is obtained byspatially compressing a complete picture using discrete cosine transform(DCT). As a result, if an error or a channel switch occurs, it ispossible to resume correct decoding at the next I-frame.

The GOP may represent additional frames by providing a much smallerblock of digital data that indicates how small portions of the I-frame,referred to as macroblocks, move over time.

An I-frame is typically followed by multiple P- and B-frames in a GOP.Thus, for example, a P-frame occurs more frequently than an I-frame by aratio of about 3 to 1. A P-frame is forward predictive and is encodedfrom the I- or P-frame that precedes it. A P-frame contains thedifference between a current frame and the previous I- or P-frame.

A B-frame compares both the preceding and subsequent I- or P-frame data.The B-frame contains the average of matching macroblocks or motionvectors. Because a B-frame is encoded based upon both preceding andsubsequent frame data, it effectively stores motion information.

Thus, MPEG-2 achieves its compression by assuming that only smallportions of an image change over time, making the representation ofthese additional frames extremely compact. Although GOPs have norelationship between themselves, the frames within a GOP have a specificrelationship which builds off the initial I-frame.

The compressed video and audio data are carried by continuous elementarystreams, respectively, which are broken into access units or packets,resulting in packetized elementary streams (PESs). These packets areidentified by headers that contain time stamps for synchronizing, andare used to form MPEG-2 transport streams. For digital broadcasting,multiple programs and their associated PESs are multiplexed into asingle transport stream. A transport stream has PES packets furthersubdivided into short fixed-size data packets, in which multipleprograms encoded with different clocks can be carried. A transportstream not only comprises a multiplex of audio and video PESs, but alsoother data such as MPEG-2 program specific information (sometimesreferred to as metadata) describing the transport stream. The MPEG-2metadata may include a program associated table (PAT) that lists everyprogram in the transport stream. Each entry in the PAT points to anindividual program map table (PMT) that lists the elementary streamsmaking up each program. Some programs are open, but some programs may besubject to conditional access (encryption) and this information is alsocarried in the MPEG-2 transport stream, possibly as metadata.

The aforementioned fixed-size data packets in a transport stream eachcarry a packet identifier (PID) code. Packets in the same elementarystreams all have the same PID, so that a decoder can select theelementary stream(s) it needs and reject the remainder.Packet-continuity counters may be implemented to ensure that everypacket that is needed to decode a stream is received.

Use of digital video recorders (DVRs), also known as personal videorecorders (PVRs), such as TiVo and ReplayTV devices, is ubiquitous,which provide conveniences to TV viewers. For example, a prior art DVRallows a user to record his/her favorite TV programs for later review,and exercise a season-pass-like option to record every episode ofhis/her favorite program for a period. It may automatically recordprograms for the user based on his/her viewing habit and preferences.The presentation of the recorded programming content can be manipulatedby exercising rewind, pause and fast-forward functions (hereinafterreferred to as “trick mode” functions) furnished by the DVR. Inaddition, some prior art DVRs provide a “commercial skip” feature or thelike, enabling the user to conveniently skip commercials when viewingrecorded programming content.

A prior art DVR also automatically records the last X minutes ofprogramming content played on the channel to which the user actuallytunes, where X represents a predetermined value. Thus, if a DVR user iswatching an in-progress (or live) broadcast program, the user may rewindthe recorded portion of the program to a certain point that has alreadybeen broadcast or may pause for subsequent playing, rewinding and/orfast-forwarding.

Recently, some set-top terminals for cable TV were improved toincorporate the above-described DVR functions (“DVR set-top terminals”).For example, like a DVR, a DVR set-top terminal typically includes ahard drive, e.g., a disk, for digitally recording TV programs, inaccordance with the DVR functions.

In addition, the cable TV industry has been fervently pursuing a“network PVR (NPVR)” service allowing the user to perform the analogousDVR functions through use of a network, rather than a local DVR device(e.g., a prior art DVR or DVR set-top terminal) at the user premises. Infact, a network architecture and functionalities for implementing theNPVR service have been developed and are described, e.g., in commonlyassigned application Ser. No. 10/302,550, filed on Nov. 22, 2002, whichissued on Jul. 4, 2006 bearing U.S. Pat. No. 7,073,189 B2, herebyincorporated by reference. For example, unlike a DVR device, the NPVRservice allows a user to “reserve” past and future programs for his/herreview, even if such reserved programs were not identified by the userbefore their broadcast.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the invention, a user at a set-top terminal mayselect a program source afforded a first programming service (e.g., a TVbroadcast service) or a second programming service (e.g., theaforementioned NPVR service) to obtain first programming content orsecond programming content. For example, the first programming contentis made available to the set-top terminal according to a broadcastschedule. On the other hand, the second programming content is recordedduring the broadcast thereof at a location (e.g., a headend of a cableTV system) remote from the set-top terminal, and a selected portion ofthe second programming content may be obtained via the set-top terminalfrom the remote location upon a user's request.

The present invention may be implemented using a set-top terminal withor without DVR capability. In a set-top terminal having no DVRcapability, a first application (e.g., a conventional resident Watch TVapplication) is used to realize the first service (e.g., the TVbroadcast service), and a second application (e.g., an NPVR application)is used to realize the second service (e.g., the NPVR service). In afirst example where a user, at a set-top terminal having no DVRcapability, changes from a first program source afforded the broadcastservice to a second program source afforded the NPVR service, the needof the NPVR application is recognized by referring to one or more tablesin the set-top terminal which associate the second program source withthe NPVR application. Accordingly, the NPVR application is activated inresponse to the program source change, and the Watch TV applicationassociated with the first program source is suspended.

In a second example where a set-top terminal having no DVR capability isused, the NPVR application monitors for an identifier included in arequest for changing from a first program source to a second programsource. For instance, the identifier may identify the second programsource by a source name (e.g., HBO) which, unlike the first programsource afforded a broadcast service, is afforded an NPVR service.Recognizing that the second program source identified by the identifieris afforded the NPVR service, the NPVR application self-activates, andsuspends the Watch TV application serving the first program sourcematerial.

As mentioned before, the invention may also be implemented using aset-top terminal with DVR capability (conveniently termed “DVR set-topterminal”). The DVR set-top terminal includes a conventional DVR server,and storage for storing selected programming content for playback by theDVR server. The DVR server is capable of performing trick mode functions(e.g., rewind, pause and fast-forward) to manipulate a playbackpresentation. The DVR set-top terminal includes a resident application(e.g., a conventional Watch Video application) which is used to realizea TV broadcast service and conventional DVR functions. It may alsoinclude a second application (e.g., an NPVR application) for realizingthe NPVR service.

In an example where a user, at a DVR set-top terminal, changes from afirst program source afforded a broadcast service to a second programsource afforded an NPVR service, the NPVR application is not activateduntil an NPVR session is invoked. For example, an NPVR session mayentail transmission of recorded programming content from the remotelocation to the set-top terminal upon a user's request. That is, in thisexample, even after the change to the second program source but beforean NPVR session, the Watch Video application which was active to servethe first program source material and perform any DVR functions remainsactive. In fact, during such a period, a manipulation of thepresentation (e.g., rewind, pause and fast-forward) of the secondprogram source material is performed by the DVR server, in accordancewith the Watch Video application.

However, during the NPVR session, a media processor (e.g., in theheadend) remote from the DVR set-top terminal presents the requestedprogramming content recorded at the remote location, and performs anytrick mode functions to manipulate such a presentation, in accordancewith the NPVR application. In an alternative embodiment, during an NPVRsession, the requested programming content is downloaded from the remotelocation to the aforementioned storage in the DVR set-top terminal. TheDVR server then presents the downloaded content in the storage andperforms any trick mode functions, in accordance with the Watch Videoapplication.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

Further objects, features and advantages of the invention will becomeapparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunctionwith the accompanying drawing showing illustrative embodiments of theinvention, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a broadband communications system inaccordance with the invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a TV program comprising multiple program segmentswhich is provided in the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 illustrates a request for program material from a set-topterminal in the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart depicting a process for providing programmaterial in response to the request of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 illustrates selected carriers for transmitting program materialsin a forward passband of the system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 6 is a flow chart depicting a process for pausing a program inresponse to a pause message from a set-top terminal;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart depicting a process for rewinding a program inresponse to a rewind message from a set-top terminal;

FIG. 8 is a flow chart depicting a process for fast-forwarding a programin response to a fast-forward message from a set-top terminal;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a set-top terminal in accordance with theinvention;

FIG. 10 illustrates screen displays in accessing a Look Back GUI inaccordance with a first embodiment;

FIG. 11 illustrates screen displays in accessing a Look Back GUI inaccordance with a second embodiment;

FIG. 12 illustrates screen displays in accessing a Look Back GUI inaccordance with a third embodiment;

FIG. 13 illustrates prior art use of channel and service tables in aset-top terminal;

FIG. 14 illustrates use of channel and service tables in accordance withthe invention;

FIG. 15 is a flow chart depicting a first routine for providingbroadcast and NPVR services in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 16 is a flow chart depicting a second routine for providingbroadcast and NPVR services in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a DVR set-top terminal in accordance withthe invention;

FIG. 18 is a flow chart depicting a third routine for providingbroadcast and NPVR services in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of a second DVR set-top terminal inaccordance with the invention; and

FIG. 20 is a flow chart depicting a routine for providing broadcast andmodified NPVR services in accordance with the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention is directed to delivering programming content to usersthrough a broadband communications network, e.g., a cable TV network. Inaccordance with a feature of the invention, selected program channelsmay be afforded a network private video recorder (NPVR) service toenhance the user's enjoyment of the programming content associated withsuch program channels. In accordance with the NPVR service, broadcastprograms (or at least those broadcast programs associated with theselected program channels afforded the NPVR service) are recorded at aheadend of a cable network before they are delivered to a user at aset-top terminal. Thus, the user may “reserve”, for later review, notonly in-progress programs and future programs, but also previouslybroadcast programs since they have been recorded at the headendregardless of any user request. In other words, the NPVR serviceobviates the need of a proactive effort otherwise required of a typicalPVR user, which includes deciding and actively electing in advance whatshows to record. For example, a “Look Back” feature is implemented inthe NPVR service, which allows a user to go back and access previouslybroadcast programs up to a predetermined period in the past. Inaddition, the NPVR service furnishes trick mode functions (e.g., rewind,pause and fast-forward functions) for manipulating a presentation ofrecorded programming content.

In order to fully appreciate the invention, one needs to learn about theNPVR service, an implementation of which will now be described:

NPVR Service Implementation

FIG. 1 illustrates broadband communications system 100 for providing theNPVR service. For example, system 100 in this instance includes a cablesystem for delivering information and entertainment programs to set-topterminals on the user premises. As shown in FIG. 1, system 100 includesheadend 105, hub 120, hybrid fiber coax (HFC) cable network 140 anddifferent service area nodes including node 150, which in this instanceis connected to set-top terminals 158-1 through 158-L in a neighborhood,where L represents an integer.

Headend 105 receives programs and services from various providers andsources, e.g., analog and digital satellite sources, applicationservers, media servers, the Internet, etc. Analog and digital satellitesources typically provide the traditional forms of television broadcastprograms and information services. Application servers typically provideexecutable code and data for application specific services such asdatabase services, network management services, transactional electroniccommerce services, system administration console services, applicationspecific services (such as stock ticker, sports ticker, weather andinteractive program guide data), resource management service, connectionmanagement services, subscriber cares services, billing services,operation system services, and object management services. Media serversprovide time-critical media assets such as MPEG-2 encoded video andaudio, MPEG-2 encoded still images, bitmapped graphic images, PCMdigital audio, three dimensional graphic objects, application programs,application data files, etc. Although specific examples of programs andservices which may be provided by the aforementioned sources are givenherein, other programs and services may also be provided by these orother sources.

Acquisition/Staging (A/S) processor 109 in headend 105 processes programmaterials including, e.g., TV program streams, from one or more of theaforementioned sources in analog and digital forms. Analog TV programstreams may be formatted according to the National Television StandardsCommittee (NTSC) or Phase Alternating Line (PAL) broadcast standard.Digital TV streams may be formatted according to the Digital VideoBroadcasting (DVB), Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers(SCTE), or Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) standards.Processor 109, among other things, extracts program content in theanalog and digital TV streams and reformats the content to form one ormore MPEG-2 encoded transport streams. Such reformatting may even beapplied to those received streams already in an MPEG-2 format. Thisstems from the fact that the digital content in the received MPEG-2streams are typically encoded at a variable bit rate (VBR). To avoiddata burstiness, processor 109 in a conventional manner re-encodes suchdigital content at a constant bit rate (CBR) to form the aforementionedtransport streams.

An MPEG-2 transport stream contains multiple program streams withdifferent video and audio feeds multiplexed for transmission through thesame transmission channel. The program streams representing individualprograms are identified by respective program identifications (IDs)within a transport stream. It should be noted at this point that theterm “transmission channel” should not be confused with a “programchannel.” A “transmission channel” signifies a designated frequency bandthrough which a transport stream is transmitted. On the other hand, a“program channel” signifies the source of the program material selectedby a user to view. For example, a user may select program channel 2 toview program material provided by CBS, program channel 23 to viewprogram material provided by HBO; program channel 32 to view programmaterial provided by MTV, etc.

In this illustrative embodiment, the transmission channels, eachcarrying a transport stream, may be 6 MHz bands populating a forwardpassband, e.g., 350-750 MHz band, of a coaxial cable, which is allocatedfor downstream communication from headend 105 to a set-top terminal.

A/S processor 109 may receive “assets” including pre-staged movievideos, news reports, sports events, etc. from content providers.However, processor 109 may also create “assets” in real time whileprocessing received program materials which are not pre-staged by thecontent providers. In general, an “asset” is a container for any objector set of objects that may be desired to implement a service, includingvideo, audio, images, application executables, scripts, configurationfiles, text, fonts, and HTML pages (or pointers referencing theirstorage locations). In addition to the raw content, metadata is also apart of an asset object that describes characteristics of the asset. Forexample, asset metadata may describe attributes that are inherent in thecontent of the asset, such as the rating, format, duration, size, orencoding method. Values for asset metadata are determined at the timethe asset is created.

An asset concerning a program may include trick files associated withthe program as well. FIG. 2 illustrates TV program 201 which spans from7:00 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. Program 201 comprises a show interrupted bycommercials, which is typical. Thus, the program content in thisinstance consists of show segments 231, 233 and 235, interleaved withcommercial segments 221 and 227. The TV program streams received byprocessor 109 are pre-processed, e.g., by the providers, to includeindicators, e.g., cue-tones, on which processor 109 relies to identifythe demarcations (or edges) of different programs and program segmentswithin each program. Thus, in this instance before processor 109processes the TV program stream containing TV program 201, a firstcue-tone has been inserted at the beginning of segment 231, indicatingthe beginning of TV program 201; second cue-tones have been inserted atthe beginnings of segments 221 and 227, indicating the beginnings of therespective commercial segments; third cue-tones have been inserted atthe ends of segments 221 and 227, indicating the ends of the respectivecommercial segments; and a fourth cue-tone has been inserted at the endof segment 235, indicating the end of TV program 201. Another set ofcue-tones may be inserted to delimit a “chapter” (denoted 237) within aprogram. A chapter is a self-contained subprogram, e.g., a skit,monolog, song performance, news report, weather report, etc. within aprogram. With the cue-tones defining one such chapter, processor 109 iscapable of identifying the chapter and create an asset concerning thesame.

Let's assume that TV program 201 in this instance is an initialbroadcast program. Processor 109, among other things, collects in adatabase (not shown) program guide data associated with different TVprograms which are not pre-staged (including TV program 201 in thisinstance) from an application server, which may be different from thesources of the TV programs themselves. Each program when presented toprocessor 109 is identified by a program designation, which may be usedto locate the corresponding program guide data. In particular, processor109 while processing TV program 201 may locate the corresponding programguide data to create in real time the metadata file associated with TVprogram 201. The metadata file thus created includes such data as thetitle, rating (e.g., G, PG-13, R, etc.), names of the producer,director, and actors, duration of the program, program type (e.g.,situation comedy), etc.

Processor 109 may also create in real time trick files associated withprogram 201 as part of the asset which are used to perform trick modefunctions (e.g., pausing, rewinding and fast-forwarding) on program 201.One such trick file in this instance is a “fast-forward” trick filewhich contains an array of identifiers of I-frames in the program stream(MPEG-2 encoded as mentioned before) corresponding to program 201 in aforward direction. Another trick file is a “rewind” trick file whichcontains an array of identifiers of I-frames in the program streamcorresponding to program 201 in the reverse direction. The I-frameidentifiers in the trick files are used as indices or markers forrewinding and fast-forwarding of program 201. It should be noted thatnot all of the I-frames associated with program 201 are selected for thetrick files. Rather, the I-frames are selected periodically along theprogram stream. Thus, the shorter the period is, the closer the instantsfrom which program 201 can be rewound, and to which program 201 can befast-forwarded, thereby achieving finer adjustments.

It should be noted that where program 201 is not an initial broadcastprogram, which may also be pre-staged, commercial segments 221 and 227may not contain the commercials originally provided by the programprovider. Rather, program 201 may be repackaged with after-marketcommercials, which may be targeted to the user, and which may even beinjected anywhere in the program with no regard for original segments221 and 227 in terms of their timing, duration, or quantity. In theevent that program 201 is pre-staged, the program content comes with thecorresponding metadata file and trick files associated with the program.Processor 109 stores the created or pre-staged asset including themetadata file and trick files associated with a program according to itsprogram designation in asset storage (not shown), which may reside inlibrary manager 113 described below.

The transport streams generated by processor 109, which contain live TVprograms in this instance, are fed to cache manager 111. The latterincludes a cache memory (not shown), e.g., a disk cache, having a memorycapacity on the order of terabytes. Manager 111 copies the transportstreams onto the cache memory, and also forwards the same to librarymanager 113 for long-term storage. The latter includes library storagehaving a memory capacity on the order of hundreds of terabytes, muchlarger than that of the cache memory such that the cache memory storesthe last Y hours' worth of the TV programs while the library storagestores the last Z hours' worth of the TV program, where the value of Zis much greater than that of Y. It suffices to know for now that use ofthe cache memory, which affords faster access to its content than thelibrary storage, facilitates a speedy retrieval of a requested programin the event of a “cache hit,” i.e., the requested program being withinthe last Y hour broadcast. Otherwise, a “cache miss” causes locating therequested program in the library storage, thereby incurring a delay inthe retrieval of the program.

Network controller 125, among others, assigns resources for transportingprogram materials to set-top terminals and communicates various dataincluding system information with the terminals. Upstream data from aset-top terminal to network controller 125 is communicated via a reversepassband, e.g., 5-40 MHz band, of a coaxial cable. The reverse passbandcomprises reverse data channels (RDCs) having a 1 MHz bandwidth in thisinstance, through which quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK) signalscontaining upstream data are transmitted. It should be noted that the 1MHz bandwidth allocated for an RDC here is for illustrative purposesonly. It will be appreciated that a person skilled in the art mayallocate other bandwidths therefor depending on the actualimplementations. A set-top terminal utilizes an RDC for sending bothapplication data and control messages. For example, the Digital AudioVisual Council (DAVIC), a standard setting organization, has defined acontention-based access mechanism whereby multiple set-top terminalsshare an RDC. This mechanism enables the set-top terminals to transmitupstream messages without a dedicated connection to a QPSK demodulator.The mechanism also provides equal access to the set-top terminals thatshare the RDC, and enables detection and recovery from reverse pathcollisions that occur when two or more of the terminals transmit anupstream message simultaneously. As also specified by DAVIC, forcommunications purposes, the set-top terminals and network controller125 are identified by the Internet protocol (IP) addresses assignedthereto. However, these IP addresses may be randomly assigned each timewhen system 100 is reconfigured. As a result, the IP address of aset-top terminal or controller 25 may change after a systemreconfiguration. Nevertheless, each set-top terminal and controller 25is also assigned a media access control (MAC) address on a permanentbasis, surviving any system reconfiguration.

Downstream data from network controller 125 to a set-top terminal iscommunicated via forward data channels (FDCs). These channels, oftenreferred to as “out-of-band” channels, may occupy the 70-130 MHz band ofa coaxial cable. QPSK signals containing system messages to a set-topterminal are transmitted through an FDC having a 1 MHz bandwidth in thisinstance. It should be noted that the 1 MHz bandwidth allocated for anFDC here is for illustrative purposes only. It will be appreciated thata person skilled in the art may allocate other bandwidths therefordepending on the actual implementations.

When a user at a set-top terminal, say, terminal 158-1, turns on the TVassociated therewith and selects a particular program channel, say,program channel 2, or change from another channel to channel 2, terminal158-1 in a well known manner scans for any transport streamstransporting programs to the neighborhood. In system 100, each transportstream is identified by a unique transport stream identification (TSID).

Continuing the above example, once the TSIDs of the transport streamsare detected, terminal 158-1 sends through QPSK modem pool 127 a requestfor program channel 2 material. FIG. 3 illustrates one such request(denoted 300) sent from a set-top terminal to network controller 125 viaan RDC. As shown in FIG. 3, request 300 includes, among others,destination field 303 which in this instance contains the IP address ofnetwork controller 125 for which request 300 is destined; request datafield 306 which contains data concerning the detected TSIDs and therequested program channel material, e.g., program channel 2 material inthis instance; and origination field 309 which in this instance containsthe IP (and/or MAC) address of terminal 158-1 from which request 300originates.

After receiving request 300, network controller 125 reads the receivedrequest to learn the TSIDs, the identity of the requested programmaterial, and the origination address therein, as indicated at step 403in FIG. 4. Network controller 125 communicates with media processor 119to determine the capacity required for transmitting the requestedprogram material. Based on the required capacity, controller 125 at step406 selects a transport stream among those identified by the receivedTSIDs which is suitable for transporting the requested program material.Controller 125 at step 408 identifies the carrier carrying the selectedtransport stream.

Referring also to FIG. 1, modulator bank 123 in this instance is locatedin hub 120 connected to headend 105 via IP transport on the one hand andto HFC cable network 140 on the other hand. Bank 123 includes multiplemodulators, each of which is used to modulate transport streams ontodifferent carriers. Each modulated carrier carrying a transport streamis transmitted through a transmission channel associated therewith. FIG.5 illustrates M carriers, C₁ through C_(M), associated with Mtransmission channels in the forward passband. As shown in FIG. 5, thecarrier frequency of C₁ is denoted CF₁; the carrier frequency of C₂ isdenoted CF₂; . . . ; and the carrier frequency of C_(M) is denoted CFM.In this example, each program stream may contain 4.2 Mb/s video andaudio program data. By using a 256-quadrature-amplitude-modulation(256-QAM) technique and 6 MHz transmission channel, each modulator inmodulator bank 123 in this instance may modulate 9 or more programstreams, multiplexed in a transport stream, onto the correspondingcarrier. The resulting modulated carrier is transmitted through thetransmission channel associated with the carrier.

Network controller 125 may include therein a carrier assignment tablewhich lists, for each carrier, the TSID of the transport stream carriedthereby. The carrier identification by network controller 125 ataforementioned step 408 may be achieved by looking up from the table thecarrier associated with the TSID of the selected transport stream. Basedon the requested program channel, network controller 125 at step 409determines the program ID identifying the program stream representingthe requested program material, i.e., program channel 2 material in thisinstance, which is then multiplexed with other program streams in theselected transport stream. At step 412, network controller 125communicates to media processor 119 a first message containing theidentity of the modulator in modulator bank 123 which corresponds to thecarrier, say, C1, just determined, and the program ID associated withthe requested program channel material just determined. Networkcontroller 125 at step 415 sends, through QPSK modem pool 127, a secondmessage responsive to the received request to set-top terminal 158-1identified by the origination IP (and/or MAC) address in field 309 ofrequest 300. This second message traversing an FDC contains theinformation concerning the carrier frequency, i.e., CF1 in thisinstance, to which terminal 158-1 should tune to receive the appropriatetransport stream, and the program ID for extracting the desired programstream, representing in this instance program channel 2 material, withinthe transport stream.

In response to the first message, processor 119 directs cache manager111 to deliver a copy of the program stream representing the requestedprogram channel material thereto and causes the program stream to bemultiplexed with any other program streams already in the transportstream identified by the selected TSID. In addition, processor 119causes switching unit 117 to switch the resulting transport stream tothe modulator corresponding to the carrier C₁. Accordingly, themodulator modulates the carrier C₁ with the received transport stream,and causes transmission of the modulated carrier through thetransmission channel associated with CF₁.

Based on the information in the second message, terminal 158-1 tunes tothe carrier frequency CF₁ to receive the transmitted transport stream,and extracts therefrom the desired program stream, representing programchannel 2 material in this instance. In a well known manner, terminal158-1 converts the extracted program stream to appropriate signals forthe associated TV to play program channel 2 material.

While the program channel 2 material is being played, terminal 158-1continuously registers the last I-frame identifier in the receivedtransport stream. From time to time, terminal 158-1 sends a “heartbeat”containing the IP (and/or MAC) address identifying terminal 158-1 andthe last I-frame identifier to media processor 119. Processor 119 keeps,for terminal 158-1, a record identified by the IP (and/or MAC) addressof terminal 158-1, and tracks the program being transmitted to terminal158-1 and its I-frame progress. When processor 119 no longer receivesheartbeats from terminal 158-1, e.g., because of an off state of theterminal, processor 119 may cause the transmission of the transportstream to terminal 158-1 to be halted.

When the user issues a pause command to terminal 158-1, e.g., bypressing a “pause” key on a remote control associated therewith totemporarily stop the progress of the program, terminal 158-1 issues apause message to media processor 119 identified by its IP address. Thepause message in this instance includes a pause initiation command, thelast I-frame identifier registered by terminal 158-1, and the IP and/orMAC address of terminal 158-1. After issuing the pause message, terminal158-1 enters a pause state and causes the picture corresponding to thenext I-frame, say I-frame_(pause), to be frozen on the TV screen,thereby achieving the pause effect. After receiving the pause message,processor 119 reads the received pause message, as indicated at step 603in FIG. 6. Processor 119 at step 606 causes the current transmission ofthe program material to set-top terminal 158-1 (identified by thereceived IP and/or MAC address) to be halted at the I-frame immediatelyfollowing the last I-frame identified in the received message. Processor119 at step 609 retrieves the record associated with terminal 158-1.Processor 119 at step 612 notes in the record that the transmission ofthe program material to terminal 158-1 has been halted atI-frame_(pause).

When the user issues a command to resume viewing the program material,e.g., by toggling the pause key on the remote control, terminal 158-1exits the pause state, sends a resumption message to processor 119, andreadies itself to receive the program material starting fromI-frame_(pause). This resumption message includes a resumption command,and the IP and/or MAC address of terminal 158-1. After reading thereceived resumption message, processor 119 retrieves the recordassociated with terminal 158-1 identified by the received IP and/or MACaddress. In response to the resumption command, processor 119 causes thetransmission of the program material to terminal 158-1 to be restartedfrom I-frame_(pause), and notes in the record the transmissionresumption event. As a result, terminal 158-1 resumes receiving theprogram material in the same program stream delivered thereto before. Itshould be noted that use of a MAC address, instead of an IP address, toidentify terminal 158-1 may be advantageous here especially when thepause state is long, so much so that a reconfiguration of system 100 mayhave occurred during such a state. In that case, the IP addressidentifying terminal 158-1 before the system reconfiguration may bedifferent than that after the reconfiguration, and as a result, by usingonly the pre-reconfiguration IP address of terminal 158-1 for itsidentification, the resuming program stream would not be delivered tothe intended terminal 158-1 after the reconfiguration. On the otherhand, since the MAC address of terminal 158-1 is immutable and survivesany system reconfiguration, by relying on the MAC address of terminal158-1 for its identification here, the resuming program stream would becorrectly delivered to terminal 158-1 even after a systemreconfiguration.

While viewing a program, the user may issue a rewind command, e.g., bypressing a rewind key on the remote control, to rewind the program. Inthat case, terminal 158-1 issues a rewind message to processor 119identified by its IP address. This rewind message includes a rewindinitiation command, the last I-frame identifier registered by terminal158-1, and the IP address (and/or MAC address) identifying terminal158-1. After receiving such a rewind message, processor 119 reads thereceived rewind message, as indicated at step 703 in FIG. 7. Processor119 at step 706 retrieves the record associated with set-top terminal158-1 identified by the received IP address (and/or MAC address).Knowing from the record the identity of the program being transmitted,processor 119 at step 709 retrieves from the aforementioned assetstorage the rewind trick file associated with the program. Based on thelast I-frame information in the received message, processor 119 at step712 identifies the I-frame in the rewind trick file which either matchesor is the closest to that last I-frame. Processor 119 at step 715 readsthe array of identifiers of the I-frames in the rewind trick filestarting from that of the identified I-frame. Processor 119 at step 718causes the program material, corresponding to the I-frame identifiers asread, to be retrieved from cache manager 111, and to be transmitted inthe transport stream to terminal 158-1, thereby achieving the desiredrewind effect.

When the user issues a command to stop rewinding the program, e.g., bytoggling the rewind key on the remote control, terminal 158-1 sends arewind termination message to processor 119. This message includes arewind termination command, and the IP address (and/or MAC address) ofterminal 158-1. In response to the rewind termination command, processor119 stops reading the rewind trick file associated with the program.Processor 119 learns from the record associated with terminal 158-1 thelast I-frame identifier read from the rewind trick file. Processor 119causes retrieval of the program material at the normal forward speedfrom cache manager 111 starting from the I-frame identified by the lastread identifier, and transmission of the retrieved program material toterminal 158-1. As a result, terminal 158-1 resumes receiving theprogram material at the normal forward speed in the same transportstream.

After rewinding a program, the user may issue a fast-forward command,e.g., by pressing a fast-forward key on the remote control, tofast-forward the program. In that case, terminal 158-1 issues afast-forward message to processor 119 identified by its IP address. Thisfast-forward message includes a fast-forward initiation command, thelast I-frame identifier registered by terminal 158-1, and the IP address(and/or MAC address) identifying terminal 158-1. After receiving such afast-forward message, processor 119 reads the received fast-forwardmessage, as indicated at step 803 in FIG. 8. Processor 119 at step 806retrieves the record associated with set-top terminal 158-1 identifiedby the received IP address (and/or MAC address). Knowing from the recordthe identity of the program being transmitted, processor 119 at step 809retrieves from the aforementioned asset storage the fast-forward trickfile associated with the program. Based on the last I-frame informationin the received message, processor 119 at step 812 identifies theI-frame in the fast-forward trick file which either matches or is theclosest to that last I-frame. Processor 119 at step 815 reads the arrayof identifiers of the I-frames in the fast-forward trick file startingfrom that of the identified I-frame. Processor 119 at step 818 causesthe program material, corresponding to the I-frame identifiers as read,to be retrieved from cache manager 111, and to be transmitted in thetransport stream to terminal 158-1, thereby achieving the desiredfast-forward effect.

When the user issues a command to stop fast-forwarding the program,e.g., by toggling the fast-forward key on the remote control, terminal158-1 sends a fast-forward termination message to processor 119. Thismessage includes a fast-forward termination command, and the IP address(and/or MAC address) of terminal 158-1. In response to the fast-forwardtermination command, processor 119 stops reading the fast-forward trickfile associated with the program. Processor 119 learns from the recordassociated with terminal 158-1 the last I-frame identifier read from thefast-forward trick file. Processor 119 causes retrieval of the programmaterial at the normal forward speed from cache manager 111 startingfrom the I-frame identified by the last read identifier, andtransmission of the retrieved program material to terminal 158-1. As aresult, terminal 158-1 resumes receiving the program material at thenormal forward speed in the same transport stream.

It should be pointed out at this juncture that in the above illustrativeembodiment, the transport streams generated by processor 109, whichcontain, e.g., in-progress (or live) TV broadcast, are recorded in cachemanager 111, followed by library manager 113, before they are fed to therequesting set-top terminals. As a result, the transport streamsreceived by the terminals actually are recorded copies of the streamsgenerated by processor 109. However, in another embodiment, thetransport streams generated by processor 109 are fed to the requestingset-top terminals in real time, and at the same time switched to cachemanager 111 and library manager 113 for recording thereof. Thus, in thisother embodiment, when a user at a set-top terminal performs a trickmode function on an in-progress TV broadcast program, say, rewinding theprogram, the real-time transport stream being received by the terminalis immediately replaced by a second transport stream containing arecorded copy of the TV program, e.g., from cache manager 111. If afterrewinding the program, the user invokes a fast-forwarding command tofast-forward the recorded TV program, there may come a point where therecorded TV program catches up with the in-progress program. In thatcase, the second transport stream being received by the terminal may bereplaced back by the real-time transport stream containing thein-progress program.

Program Channel Dependent NPVR Service

In accordance with an aspect of the invention, selected program channelsare afforded the above-described NPVR service, and the rest of theprogram channels are afforded the traditional broadcast service. In thisinstance, program channel 23 associated with the content source by theservice name HBO is one such NPVR enabled channel.

A conventional “Watch TV” application (denoted 903 in FIG. 9) isinstalled in a set-top terminal (denoted 900) to service those programchannels afforded the traditional broadcast service. It should be notedthat set-top terminal 900 here generically represents one of set-topterminals 158-1 through 158-L. Watch TV application 903, residing inmemory 910, provides such well known functions as channel navigationcontrol, channel selection in response to a channel change event, etc. Achannel change event occurs when a user at set-top terminal 900 issues acommand to change from one program channel to another. Such a commandmay be issued, say, using a remote control (not shown), which signal isreceptive by set-top terminal 900. Memory 910 in this instance comprisesone or more caches, disks, hard drives, NVRAMs, DRAMs, Flash ROMs,and/or ROMs.

For example, in memory 910, NVRAM may be used for storage of a user'ssettings and set-top terminal configuration settings, such as parentalcontrol codes, favorite channel lineups, set-top terminal setups,channel maps, authorization tables, and FDC address assignments. DRAMmay be used for most application and operating system storagerequirements, such as stacks, heaps, graphics, interactive program guidedata, marketing data and usage data, and functions such as MPEG-2 videodecompression, AC-3 audio decoding, and video manipulation. ROW may beused for storage of the operating system. Flash ROW may be used forstorage of resident application software, as well as patches of theoperating system and application software which are downloaded toset-top terminal 900 from headend 105 after set-top terminal 900 hasbeen deployed at the user's premises.

Processing unit 905 orchestrates the operations of set-top terminal 900.It executes instructions stored in memory 910 under the control of theoperating system. Service application manager (SAM) 907 forms part ofsuch an operating system of terminal 900. SAM 907 is responsible for,among other things, monitoring channel change events; administeringchannel, service and other tables in terminal 900; and maintaining aregistry of applications in terminal 900. One such application isaforementioned Watch TV application 903. Another application is “NPVRTV” application 912 for servicing NPVR enabled channels, which may bedownloaded from headend 105 to memory 910. Application 912, amongothers, responds to rewind, pause and fast-forward commands initiated bya user, and communicates such commands to headend 105 through interface921 to realize the trick mode (i.e., rewind, pause and fast-forward)functions in the manner described before. In addition, for example,application 912 not only allows a user to reserve future broadcastprograms for review, but also reserve, play or re-start programmingcontent that has broadcast, in accordance with a “Look Back” feature.

Look Back Feature

The Look Back feature enables a user to access programming content thathas broadcast during a “Look Back Period”—i.e., up to a predeterminedperiod. The actual length of the period is subject to the negotiatedrights to the programming content. Specifically, the Look Back featureenables a user to re-start a program on an NPVR enabled channel that iscurrently being broadcast. The Look Back feature also enables a user toplay a program on an NPVR enabled channel that was previously broadcastwithin the Look Back Period (e.g., the previous two days). In addition,the Look Back feature enables a user to reserve a program in itsentirety that is presently being broadcast or that was previouslybroadcast on an NPVR enabled channel within the Look Back Period forsubsequent viewing or archiving.

Programs that are available through the Look Back feature may beaccessed for viewing or reserving in several ways. For example, a LookBack menu may be accessed when viewing content on an NPVR enabledchannel which, in effect, gives that channel an on-demand-like feature.Thus, by accessing a Look Back menu, the viewer may be presented with acategorical listing of all programs that are available for either (1)immediate viewing, or (2) reservation for subsequent viewing. Therefore,the Look Back feature provides a user with the ability to play orreserve previously (or currently) broadcast programs, but does notrequire the user to denote such programs in advance as a favorite, or tootherwise proactively elect to reserve the program.

Programs that are available through the Look Back feature may beaccessed by a listing that may be organized by channel, by reversechronological order (or chronological order), by theme (movies, sports,drama, etc.), by alphabetical order, etc. The Look Back feature may bemade available while a user is viewing a program on an NPVR enabledchannel. Turning to FIG. 10, while a user is viewing, e.g., a program onthe HBO channel (an NPVR enabled channel in this instance), Look Backfeature option 8112 is offered on graphical user interface (GUI) 8110after the user presses, say, a menu key on a remote control. A selectionof option 8112 in this instance allows the user to access past programsbroadcast on the same channel (i.e., the HBO channel being viewed by theuser) within the Look Back Period. Specifically, by highlighting theLook Back feature option 8112 and pressing, say, a select key on theremote control, a list of programming categories, denoted 8114 aredisplayed under selected Look Back feature option 8112. These categoriesmay include sports programming, specials, original series, movies, kidsprogramming. By highlighting a program category from list 8114, anotherlist of available programs, denoted 8116, is displayed on GUI 8110.

Upon selecting a program category by pressing the select key on theremote control, Look Back Programming GUI 8120 lists programs 8116 thatare available on the HBO channel for the program category that wasselected. These programs 8116 are listed on the left side of GUI 8120.As the user highlights a listed program, episodes 8124 that areavailable through the Look Back feature are listed on the right side ofGUI 8120.

Upon selecting a program by pressing the select key on the remotecontrol, Look Back Episode GUI 8130 lists episodes 8124 that areavailable on the HBO channel for the program that was selected. Theseepisodes 8124 are listed on the left side of Look Back GUI 8130. As theuser highlights a listed episode, the reservation/play options 8134 thatare available through the Look Back feature are listed on the right sideof GUI 8130. These features may include, for example, canceling the LookBack feature request, playing the selected episode, reserving theselected episode and reserving the entire series (i.e., season pass).

A Global Look Back feature may also be implemented. The Global Look Backfeature enables a user to access a program previously broadcast even ifthe user does not know on which channel it was broadcast. As illustratedin FIG. 11, the Global Look Back feature displays programs from one ormore databases of all NPVR enabled channels providing Look Back-enabledaccess during a given Look Back period (e.g., two days into the past).For example, Look Back option 8212 is displayed upon accessing On-Demandoption 8214 of GUI 8110. By highlighting Look Back option 8212, a listof categories of available Look Back programs, denoted 8216, isdisplayed on the right side of GUI 8210. These categories include, e.g.,TV show series, sports programming, specials, movies, kids programmingand news.

Upon selecting Look Back option 8212 by pressing the select key on theremote control, Look Back Program Categories GUI 8220 is displayed. Theavailable program categories 8216 are illustratively listed on the leftside of GUI 8220. By highlighting a listed program category, a list ofavailable programs, denoted 8224, is displayed on the right side of GUI8220.

Upon selecting a program category by pressing the select key of theremote control, Look Back Programming GUI 8230 lists the programs 8224that are available for the program category that was selected. Theseprograms 8224 are illustratively listed on the left side of GUI 8230. Asthe user highlights a listed program, episodes 8234 that are availablethrough the Look Back feature are listed on the right side of GUI 8230.

Upon selecting a program by pressing the select key on the remotecontrol, Look Back Episode GUI 8240 lists, on the left side of GUI 8240,episodes 8234 that are available on the displayed On-Demand channel forthe program that was selected. As the user highlights a listed episode,the reservation/play options 8244 that are available through the LookBack feature are listed on the right side of GUI 8240. These featuresmay include, for example, canceling the Look Back feature request,playing the selected episode, reserving the selected episode, etc.

The Look Back feature may also be made available through an informationbanner, from which a show within the Look Back period could be selectedfor playing or reservation. Referring to FIG. 12, information banner8332, illustratively in the form of a rectangular bar, containsinformation about a program that is being viewed by a user. Theinformation banner may be displayed, e.g., when the user tunes to anNPVR enabled channel. The information includes the present time, thebroadcast time (beginning and ending times), the channel on which theprogram is broadcast, etc. As indicated by GUI 8310, also provided bybanner 8332 is a message indicating the availability of the Look Backfeature for programming offered by the currently viewed channel.

By pressing the select key on the remote control, Look Back (programcategories) GUI 8320 is displayed. The available program categories,denoted 8322, are illustratively listed on the left side of GUI 8320. Byhighlighting a listed program category, a list of available programs forsuch category, denoted 8324, is displayed on the right side of GUI 8320.

Upon selecting a program category by pressing the select key of theremote control, Look Back Programming GUI 8330 lists programs 8324 thatare available for the program category that was selected. These programs8324 are illustratively listed on the left side of GUI 8330. As the userhighlights a listed program, episodes 8332 that are available throughthe Look Back feature are listed on the right side of GUI 8330.

Upon selecting a program by pressing the select key on the remotecontrol, Look Back Episode GUI 8340 lists, on the left side of GUI 8340,episodes 8332 that are available for the selected program. As the userhighlights a listed episode, reservation/play options 8344 that areavailable through the Look Back feature are illustratively listed on theright side of GUI 8340. These features may include, for example,canceling the Look Back feature request, playing the selected episode,reserving the selected episode, etc.

A First Embodiment of the Invention

The aforementioned channel and service tables in set-top terminal 900are used to cross-reference program channel numbers with differenttelevision services (e.g., the broadcast and NPVR services) provided bysystem 100. In this illustrative embodiment, these tables are used bySAM 907 to invoke Watch TV application 903 and NPVR TV application 912to realize the broadcast and NPVR services, respectively, whichrealization is transparent to a user.

FIG. 13 illustrates prior art use of channel table 1301 to associateprogram channels with TV broadcast services listed in service table1303. When a user selects a program channel, that program channel isfirst identified in channel table 1301 where a pointer associates theprogram channel with a particular TV broadcast service in service table1303. For example, program channel 2 is associated with TV broadcastservice 11; program channel 5 is associated with TV broadcast service14; so on and so forth.

Service table 1303 indicates the type of service provided. In thisexample, as shown in column 1311, services 11-15 are TV broadcastservices. Service table 1303 also provides in column 1323 dataidentifying sources of the listed TV broadcast services (e.g., TSIDs andPIDs). For example, by referring to service table 1303, a set-topterminal can execute appropriate software to realize a channel selectionfunction. Specifically, when a user selects a new program channel, theset-top terminal identifies the type of service and the sourceassociated with the selected channel from channel table 1301 and servicetable 1303, and then executes the appropriate application (e.g., WatchTV application 903) to tune to the service's source, descramble thesignal if necessary, and display the source's content on the selectedprogram channel.

As is also well known, requests for services made by differentapplications in a set-top terminal incorporate a uniform resourcelocator (URL), similar to that on the Internet, to uniformly identifyservices requested. Such a URL may include information regarding theformat, physical location, logical location and identity of the servicerequested (e.g., format: //physical/logical/identity)

As mentioned before, in accordance with the invention, selected programchannels are afforded the NPVR functionality. Referring to FIG. 14, inthis illustrative embodiment, the HBO service is the only serviceafforded the NPVR functionality. Accordingly, here, in Service Typecolumn 1411 of service table 1403, the entry corresponding to the HBOservice indicate an “NPVR” service while all other entries indicate a“broadcast” service. In addition, like service table 1303, service table1403 specifies the sources to receive the corresponding services incolumn 1423. However, unlike table 1303 wherein each service is ofbroadcast service type and realized by Watch TV application 903 bydefault, table 1403 specifies in column 1425 the applications forrealizing different services as they may be of broadcast or NPVR servicetype.

Specifically, as indicated in service table 1403, the application forrealizing the HBO service of NPVR service type is NPVR TV application912 while the application for realizing CBS, ABC and NBC services ofbroadcast service type is Watch TV application 903.

Thus, for example, when a user changes from program channel 2 to channel3, SAM 907 in a conventional manner detects the channel change event, asindicated at step 1503 in FIG. 15. At step 1506, by referring to channeltable 1401 and service table 1403, SAM 907 determines that the currentbroadcast service on channel 2, realized using Watch TV application 903,is to be changed to an NPVR service on channel 3, realized using NPVR TVapplication 912. At step 1509, SAM 907 suspends the execution of WatchTV application 903, and at step 1512 executes NPVR TV application 912 totune to the new program channel source, and provide the above-describedNPVR functions and GUIs including, e.g., those of FIGS. 10-12 inresponse to a user's Look Back request. Application 912 remains activeuntil a user changes from an NPVR service back to a broadcast service.Thus, when SAM 907 at step 1515 detects a program channel change event,say, from program channel 3 to program channel 5, by referring tochannel table 1401 and service table 1403, SAM 907 at step 1518determines that the current NPVR service on channel 3 is to be changedto a broadcast service on channel 5. At step 1521, SAM 907 suspends theexecution of NPVR TV application 912, and at step 1524 executes Watch TVapplication 903 to tune to the new program channel source, and realizethe broadcast service on channel 5. The above-described process repeatsitself when a user changes to an NPVR enabled program channel.

A Second Embodiment of the Invention

In a second embodiment, NPVR TV application 912 is not mapped to anyparticular program channel using, e.g., a service table as in the firstembodiment. Rather, application 912 is loaded on boot of set-topterminal 900, and continuously operates on terminal 900 as a backgroundprocess. In this illustrative embodiment, application 912 snoops for aprogram channel change event realized by the aforementioned servicerequest for changing channels. However, in accordance with an aspect ofthe invention, a service name (SVN) parameter (e.g., SVN=HBO) is addedto the URL of one such service request, which is used to identify theservice associated with the program channel to which it is changed. Inaddition, an SVN look-up table (not shown) is made available (e.g., inmemory 910), which lists those SVNs, e.g., HBO, which are afforded theNPVR functionality. In this example, let's say while a user is watchingprogram channel 2 associated with the CBS broadcast service, realized byWatch TV application 903, he/she changes to program channel 3 associatedwith the HBO service afforded the NPVR functionality. The user's channelchange initiates a service request, which causes application 903 to tuneto the new program channel source, i.e., channel 3 in this instance.Running in the background, NPVR TV application 912 detects the channelchange service request, as indicated at step 1603 in FIG. 16. At step1606, application 912 reads the SVN parameter in the URL of such aservice request. By referring to the aforementioned SVN look-up table,application 912 at step 1612 determines whether the SVN parameter justread identifies a service afforded the NPVR functionality. If so, whichis the case here, NPVR TV application 912 at step 1615 self-activates,and suspends the execution of Watch TV application 903. Otherwise, NPVRTV application 912 remains to be a background process, as indicated atstep 1618.

At step 1621, application 912, when activated, provides theabove-described NPVR functions and GUIs including, e.g., those of FIGS.10-12 in response to a user's Look Back request. Application 912 remainsactive until a user changes from an NPVR service back to a broadcastservice. Thus, when application 912 at step 1624 detects a servicerequest for another program channel change, say, from program channel 3associated with the HBO service to program channel 5 associated with theNBC broadcast service, application 912 at step 1627 reads the SVNparameter in the URL of such a service request. By referring to theaforementioned SVN look-up table, application 912 at step 1630determines whether the SVN parameter just read identifies a serviceafforded the NPVR functionality. If so, NPVR TV application 912 remainsactive, as indicated at step 1633. Otherwise, if the SVN parameter doesnot identify a service afforded the NPVR functionality, which is thecase here, NPVR TV application 912 at step 1636 self-suspends itsexecution, thereby rendering control to SAM 907. At step 1640, SAM 907activates Watch TV application 903 to tune to the new program channelsource, and realize the broadcast service on channel 5. Theabove-described process repeats itself when a user changes to an NPVRenabled program channel.

A Third Embodiment of the Invention

This third illustrative embodiment particularly applies where a DVRset-top terminal, denoted 1700 in FIG. 17, is used in lieu of set-topterminal 900. Like a prior art DVR set-top terminal, terminal 1700 has aconventional resident application, namely, “Watch Video” application1703 installed therein. Like Watch TV application 903, Watch Videoapplication 1703 is used to service those program channels afforded thetraditional broadcast service. In addition, Watch Video application 1703causes DVR server 1714 to perform well known DVR functions. Inparticular, in response to a trick mode command initiated by a user atOVR set-top terminal 1700, Watch Video application 1703 causes server1714 to accordingly rewind, pause or fast-forward recorded broadcastprogramming content, stored in storage 1705 which may comprise a harddrive.

Like NPVR TV application 912, NPVR TV application 1712 here isdownloaded to memory 1703 through interface 1701, and used to realizethe NPVR service. Like memory 910, memory 1710 here comprises one ormore caches, disks, hard drives, NVRAMs, DRAMs, Flash ROMs, and/or ROMs.In addition, application 1712 snoops for a program channel change event,realized by a channel change service request, similarly to application912.

However, when NPVR application 1712 detects a program channel changeevent in which a broadcast channel is changed to an NPVR enabledchannel, application 1712 may not take over Watch Video application 1703immediately, especially if a user exercises only trick mode functions.In that case, when a user while watching the NPVR enabled channelinitiates a trick mode command, say, a pause command, the trick modecommand is not transmitted to, and processed by, remote media processor119 as in the above-described NPVR service. Rather, Watch Videoapplication 1703 causes local DVR server 1714 to process one such trickmode command as if it were a conventional DVR trick mode command. Thatis, Watch Video application 1703 affords the user the trick modefunctions of manipulating the locally recorded programming content ofthe NPRV enabled channel.

In this example, let's say while a user at terminal 1700 is watchingprogram channel 2 associated with the CBS broadcast service, realized byWatch Video application 1703, he/she changes to program channel 3associated with the HBO service afforded the NPVR functionality. Theuser's change of the program channel initiates a service request, whichcauses application 1703 to tune to the new program channel source, i.e.,channel 3 in this instance. Running in the background, NPVR TVapplication 1712 detects the channel change service request, asindicated at step 1803 in FIG. 18. At step 1806, application 1712 readsthe SVN parameter in the URL of such a service request. By referring tothe aforementioned SVN look-up table application 1712 at step 1812determines whether the SVN parameter just read identifies a serviceafforded the NPVR functionality. If not, application 1712 remains to bea background process, as indicated at step 1815.

Otherwise, if it is determined that the SVN parameter identifies aservice afforded the NPVR functionality, which is the case here, NPVR TVapplication 1712 at step 1818 readies itself to provide any PVR GUIsincluding, e.g., those of FIGS. 10-12 in case the user invokes the LookBack feature. In addition, Watch Video application 1703 remains active(also indicated at step 1818) even if the user exercises any trick modefunctions (which are realized by application 1703 in the mannerdescribed before) or the user invokes NPVR GUIs provided by NPVR TVapplication 1712.

At the same time, NPVR application 1712 at step 1820 determines whetherthe user invokes any NPVR session setup event, e.g., establishing a LookBack session where the user is able to play back, say, an HBO programbroadcast two days ago. If not, the subject routine returns to step1818. Otherwise, the subject routine proceeds to step 1821 where NPVR TVapplication 1712 self-activates, and suspends the execution of WatchVideo application 1703. At step 1824, application 1712, when activated,provides the NPVR functions including, e.g., the playback of therecorded programming content stored in headend 105 for the Look Backsession, and trick mode functions realized using remote media processor119. Application 1712 remains active until it detects that the NPVRsession is over and torn down, as indicated at step 1827. At step 1830,application 1712 activates Watch Video application 1703, and reverts toits pre-session-setup state where it stands by to provide any NPVR GUIsupon user request.

When application 1712 at step 1833 detects a service request for anotherprogram channel change, say, from program channel 3 associated with theHBO service to program channel 5 associated with the NBC broadcastservice, application 1712 at step 1836 reads the SVN parameter in theURL of such a service request. By referring to the aforementioned SVNlook-up table. Application 1712 at step 1840 determines whether the SVNparameter just read identifies a service afforded the NPVRfunctionality. If so, the subject routine returns to step 1818.Otherwise, if the SVN parameter does not identify a service afforded theNPVR functionality, which is the case here, application 1712 at step1846 becomes inactive. On the other hand, Watch Video application 1703,which is active, tunes to the new program channel source, and realizesthe broadcast service on channel 5, as indicated at step 1850. Theabove-described process repeats itself when a user changes to an NPVRenabled program channel.

Modified NPVR Service

The modified NPVR service in accordance with the invention particularlyapplies to a DVR set-top terminal, denoted 1900 in FIG. 19, which issimilar to terminal 1700 previously described. In particular, terminal1900 also includes conventional Watch Video application 1903 (identicalto application 1703) as the resident application in memory 1910. Likememory 1710, memory 1910 here comprises one or more caches, disks, harddrives, NVRAMs, DRAMs, Flash ROMs, and/or ROMs.

The modified NPVR service principally relies upon DVR server 1914 toserve recorded programming content from storage 1905 and provide thetrick mode functions even during an NPVR session, e.g., a Look Backsession. During such a Look Back session, processing unit 1915,instructed by NPVR TV application 1912, receives a copy of the requestedprogramming content from headend 105 through interface 1901 as in theabove-described NPVR service. However, in accordance with the modifiedNPVR service, processing unit 1915 directs the received programmingcontent to storage 1905 for buffering thereof before it is played backby DVR server 1914. DVR server 1914 when playing back the bufferedprogramming content simply performs its conventional DVR functions,including any trick mode functions initiated by a user. Advantageously,the modified NPVR service obviates the need of otherwise communicatingtrick mode (pause, rewind and fast-forward) commands to remote mediaprocessor 119, which effects the corresponding trick mode functions asin the NPVR service, previously described with reference to FIGS. 6, 7and 8. For that matter, in the modified NPVR service, no fast-forward orrewind trick files for each asset are created and maintained in headend105, as in the previously described NPVR service, for effecting thecorresponding fast-forward and rewind functions.

In this example, let's say while a user at terminal 1900 is watchingprogram channel 2 associated with the CBS broadcast service, realized byWatch Video application 1903, he/she changes to program channel 3associated with the HBO service afforded the NPVR functionality. Theuser's change of the program channel initiates a service request, whichcauses application 1903 to tune to the new program channel source, i.e.,channel 3 in this instance. Running in the background, NPVR TVapplication 1912 detects the channel change service request, asindicated at step 2003 in FIG. 20. At step 2006, application 1912 readsthe SVN parameter in the URL of such a service request. By referring tothe aforementioned SVN look-up table, application 1912 at step 2012determines whether the SVN parameter just read identifies a serviceafforded the NPVR functionality. If not, application 1912 remains to bea background process, as indicated at step 2015.

Otherwise, if it is determined that the SVN parameter identifies aservice afforded the NPVR functionality, which is the case here,application 1912 at step 2018 readies itself to provide any PVR GUIsincluding, e.g., those of FIGS. 10-12 in case the user invokes the LookBack feature. In addition, Watch Video application 1903 remains active(also indicated at step 2018) even if the user exercises any trick modefunctions (which are realized by application 1903 in the mannerdescribed before) or the user invokes NPVR GUIs provided by NPVR TVapplication 1912.

At the same time, NPVR application 1912 at step 2020 determines whetherthe user invokes any NPVR session setup event, e.g., establishing a LookBack session where the user is able to play back, say, an HBO programbroadcast two days ago. If not, the subject routine returns to step2018. Otherwise, the subject routine proceeds to step 2021 whereapplication 1912 self-activates, and suspends the execution of WatchVideo application 1903. At step 2024, application 1912, when activated,causes remote media processor 119 to send a copy of the requestedprogramming content, e.g., the requested HBO program, through atransmission channel having, e.g., 6 MHz bandwidth to terminal 1900. Atstep 2027, application 1912 directs processing unit 1915 to buffer thereceived programming content in storage 1905. At step 2030, application1912 activates Watch Video application 1903 to play back by DVR server1914 the buffered content in storage 1905 to realize the Look Backfeature, and application 1912 reverts to its pre-session-setup statewhere application 1912 stands by to provide any NPVR GUIs upon userrequest.

When application 1912 at step 2033 detects a service request for anotherprogram channel change, say, from program channel 3 associated with theHBO service to program channel 5 associated with the NBC broadcastservice, application 1912 reads at step 2036 the SVN parameter in theURL of such a service request. By referring to the aforementioned SVNlook-up table, application 1912 at step 2040 determines whether the SVNparameter just read identifies a service afforded the NPVRfunctionality. If so, the subject routine return to step 2018.Otherwise, if the SVN parameter does not identify a service afforded theNPVR functionality, which is the case here, application 1912 at step2046 becomes inactive. On the other hand, Watch Video application 1903,which is active, tunes to the new program channel source, and realizesthe broadcast service on channel 5, as indicated at step 2050. Theabove-described process repeats itself when a user changes to an NPVRenabled program channel.

The foregoing merely illustrates the principles of the invention. Itwill thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able todevise numerous other arrangements which embody the principles of theinvention and are thus within its spirit and scope.

For example, in the disclosed embodiment, the network transport isillustratively realized using HFC cable network 140. However, othernetworks such as digital subscriber line (DSL) networks, ethernetnetworks and satellite networks may be used instead.

Finally, system 100 is disclosed herein in a form in which variousfunctions are performed by discrete functional blocks. However, any oneor more of these functions could equally well be embodied in anarrangement in which the functions of any one or more of those blocks orindeed, all of the functions thereof, are realized, for example, by oneor more appropriately programmed processors.

1. Apparatus for receiving programming content, comprising: a memory forproviding a first software application and a second softwareapplication, the first and second applications being separatelyregistered in a registry of software applications in the apparatus, thefirst application being used to realize at least a first programmingservice for providing first programming content in accordance with abroadcast schedule, the second application being used to realize atleast a second programming service for providing second programmingcontent after broadcast thereof, the second programming content beingrecorded during the broadcast thereof at a location remote from theapparatus, the second application having a first, activated state and asecond, background state running as a background process and the firstapplication having a third, activated state and a fourth, off state; anda device for receiving information concerning a change from a firstprogram source afforded the first programming service to a secondprogram source afforded the second programming service; wherein, inresponse to the change: the state of the second application is changedfrom the second, background state to the first, activated state tobecome receptive to a request for obtaining a selected portion of thesecond programming content; and the second application causes a state ofthe first application to change from the third, activated state to thefourth, off state.
 2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein one ormore tables are stored, which associate the second program source withthe second application.
 3. The apparatus according to claim 2, whereinthe one or more tables include a service table.
 4. The apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein the second program source is accessed inaccordance with the second application when the second application is inthe first, activated state.
 5. The apparatus according to claim 1,wherein a service request is generated based on the information, theservice request including an identifier of the second program source. 6.The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the second applicationmonitors for the identifier in the service request while the secondapplication is in the second, background state.
 7. The apparatusaccording to claim 6, wherein the second application self-activates fromthe second, background state to the first, activated state when theidentifier is detected.
 8. The apparatus according to claim 1, whereinthe second program source is accessed by the first application beforethe state of the first application is changed to the fourth, off state.9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the second application isalso used to realize a manipulation of a presentation of the secondprogramming content, while in the first, activated state.
 10. Theapparatus according to claim 9, wherein the manipulation includes aselected one of rewinding, pausing and fast-forwarding.
 11. Theapparatus according to claim 9, wherein the second application causesmanipulation of the second programming content by requesting manipulatedprogram content from the remote location.
 12. The apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein the second application provides a user interface forselecting the selected portion of the second programming content, whilethe second application is in the first, activated state.
 13. Theapparatus according to claim 1, wherein the selected portion wasbroadcast within a predetermined period in the past.
 14. The apparatusaccording to claim 1, wherein in response to the request, the selectedportion is obtained from the remote location through a communicationsnetwork, by the second application while in the second, activated state.15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein the communicationnetwork includes a broadband network.
 16. The apparatus according toclaim 15, wherein the broadband network includes a hybrid fiber coaxial(HFC) cable network.
 17. The apparatus according to claim 1 comprising aset-top terminal.
 18. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: thefirst programming content is provided via one or more first channels;and the second programming content is provided via one or more secondchannels different from the one or more first channels.
 19. Theapparatus according to claim 18, wherein: the second programming serviceis available only with respect to programming content associated withthe one or more second channels.
 20. The apparatus according to claim19, wherein: the change includes switching from one of the one or morefirst channels to one of the one or more second channels.
 21. Theapparatus according to claim 18, wherein: none of the first programmingcontent is manipulable; and all of the second programming content ismanipulable.
 22. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein only thesecond application causes manipulation of the second programmingcontent.
 23. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein: the firstprogramming content provided in accordance with the first programmingservice is not manipulable; and the second programming content providedin accordance with the second programming service is manipulable. 24.The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the registry is in thememory.
 25. Apparatus for receiving programming content, the apparatusto be coupled to a display device at a user location, the apparatuscomprising: a memory for providing first and second softwareapplications, the first application and the second application beingseparately registered in a registry of software applications in theapparatus, the first application being used to realize at least a firstprogramming service for providing first programming content inaccordance with a broadcast schedule, the second application being usedto realize at least a second programming service for providing secondprogramming content after broadcast thereof, the second programmingcontent being recorded during the broadcast thereof at a location remotefrom the apparatus, the second application having a first, activatedstate and a second, background state running as a background process;storage for storing received programming content; a server forpresenting the stored programming content via the first application; anda device for receiving information concerning a change from a firstprogram source afforded the first programming service to a secondprogram source afforded the second programming service; wherein: inresponse to the change, the second program source is accessed by thefirst application and the second application becomes receptive to arequest for obtaining a selected portion of the second programmingcontent; and in response to the request, the state of the secondapplication is changed to the second, activated state to obtain theselected portion of the second programming content.
 26. The apparatusaccording to claim 25, wherein the storage stores the receivedprogramming content during broadcast thereof, and at least before therequest is received, the server manipulates a presentation of the storedprogramming content via the first application in response to a signalindicating a desired manipulation of a presentation of material from thesecond program source.
 27. The apparatus according to claim 26, whereinthe manipulation includes a selected one of rewinding, pausing andfast-forwarding.
 28. The apparatus according to claim 26, wherein afterthe request is received, a manipulation of a presentation of theselected portion of the second programming content is performed via thesecond application, while the second application is in the second,activated state.
 29. The apparatus according to claim 28, wherein themanipulation includes a selected one of rewinding, pausing andfast-forwarding.
 30. The apparatus according to claim 26, wherein afterthe request is received, the selected portion of the second programmingcontent is obtained from the remote location by the second applicationwhile in the second, activated state and buffered in the storage, theserver presenting the buffered content via the first application. 31.The apparatus according to claim 30, wherein the server manipulates apresentation of the buffered content via the first application inresponse to a signal indicating a desired manipulation of a presentationof the selected portion of the second programming content.
 32. Theapparatus according to claim 31, wherein the manipulation includes aselected one of rewinding, pausing and fast-forwarding.
 33. Theapparatus according to claim 30, wherein the selected portion isobtained from the remote location through a communications network. 34.The apparatus according to claim 33, wherein the communication networkincludes a broadband network.
 35. The apparatus according to claim 34,wherein the broadband network includes an HFC cable network.
 36. Theapparatus according to claim 25, wherein the second application providesa user interface for selecting the selected portion of the secondprogramming content, while in the second, activated state.
 37. Theapparatus according to claim 25, wherein the selected portion wasbroadcast within a predetermined period in the past.
 38. The apparatusaccording to claim 25 comprising a set-top terminal.
 39. The apparatusaccording to claim 25, wherein the registry is in the memory.
 40. Amethod for use in an apparatus for receiving programming content,comprising: providing a first software application and a second softwareapplication, the first and second applications being separatelyregistered in a registry of applications in the apparatus, the firstapplication being used to realize at least a first programming servicefor providing first programming content in accordance with a broadcastschedule, the second application being used to realize at least a secondprogramming service for providing second programming content afterbroadcast thereof, the second programming content being recorded duringthe broadcast thereof at a location remote from the apparatus, thesecond application having a first, activated state and a second,background state running as a background process; receiving informationconcerning a change from a first program source afforded the firstprogramming service to a second program source afforded the secondprogramming service; in response to the change, activating the secondapplication from the first, background state to the second, activatedstate, the second application thereby becoming receptive to a requestfor obtaining a selected portion of the second programming content; andchanging a state of the first application from a third, activated stateto a fourth, off state, by the second application.
 41. The methodaccording to claim 40, further comprising storing one or more tables,which associate the second program source with the second application.42. The method according to claim 41, wherein the one or more tablesinclude a service table.
 43. The method according to claim 40, whereinthe second program source is accessed in accordance with the secondapplication while the second application is in the first, activatedstate.
 44. The method according to claim 40, wherein a service requestis generated based on the information, the service request including anidentifier of the second program source.
 45. The method according toclaim 44, wherein the second application monitors for the identifier inthe service request while the second application is in the fourth,background state.
 46. The method according to claim 45, wherein thesecond application self-activates from the fourth, background state tothe third, activated state when the identifier is detected.
 47. Themethod according to claim 40, wherein the second program source isaccessed in accordance with the first application before the state ofthe first application is changed to the fourth, off state.
 48. Themethod according to claim 40, wherein the second application is alsoused to realize a manipulation of a presentation of the secondprogramming content.
 49. The method according to claim 48, wherein themanipulation includes a selected one of rewinding, pausing andfast-forwarding.
 50. The method according to claim 48, wherein thesecond application causes manipulation of the second programming contentby requesting manipulated program content from the remote location. 51.The method according to claim 40, wherein the second applicationprovides a user interface for selecting the selected portion of thesecond programming content while the second application is in thesecond, activated state.
 52. The method according to claim 40, whereinthe selected portion was broadcast within a predetermined period in thepast.
 53. The method according to claim 40, wherein in response to therequest, the selected portion is obtained from the remote locationthrough a communications network.
 54. The method according to claim 40,wherein: the first programming content provided via the firstprogramming service is not manipulable; and the second programmingcontent provided via the second programming service is manipulable. 55.A method for use in an apparatus for receiving programming content, theapparatus to be coupled to a display device at a user location, theapparatus including a server, and storage for storing receivedprogramming content, the method comprising: providing first and secondsoftware applications, the first and second applications beingseparately registered in a registry of software applications in theapparatus, the first application being used to realize at least a firstprogramming service for providing first programming content inaccordance with a broadcast schedule, the server presenting the receivedprogramming content stored in the storage via the first application, thesecond application being used to realize at least a second programmingservice for providing second programming content after broadcastthereof, the second programming content being recorded during thebroadcast thereof at a location remote from the apparatus, the secondapplication having a first, activated state and a second, backgroundstate running as a background process; receiving information concerninga change from a first program source afforded the first programmingservice to a second program source afforded the second programmingservice; accessing the second program source via the first application,in response to the change; and the second application becoming receptiveto a request for obtaining a selected portion of the second programmingcontent, in response to the change.
 56. The method according to claim55, wherein the received programming content is stored in the storageduring broadcast thereof, and at least before the request is received,the server manipulates a presentation of the stored programming contentvia the first application in response to a signal indicating a desiredmanipulation of a presentation of material from the second programsource.
 57. The method according to claim 56, wherein the manipulationincludes a selected one of rewinding, pausing and fast-forwarding. 58.The method according to claim 56, wherein after the request is received,a manipulation of a presentation of the selected portion of the secondprogramming content is performed via the second application while thesecond application is in the second, activated state.
 59. The methodaccording to claim 58, wherein the manipulation includes a selected oneof rewinding, pausing and fast-forwarding.
 60. The method according toclaim 56, wherein after the request is received, the selected portion ofthe second programming content is obtained from the remote location andbuffered in the storage, the server presenting the buffered content viathe first application.
 61. The method according to claim 60, wherein theserver manipulates a presentation of the buffered content via the firstapplication in response to a signal indicating a desired manipulation ofa presentation of the selected portion of the second programmingcontent.
 62. The method according to claim 61, wherein the manipulationincludes a selected one of rewinding, pausing and fast-forwarding. 63.The method according to claim 60, wherein the selected portion isobtained from the remote location through a communications network. 64.The method according to claim 55, wherein the second applicationprovides a user interface for selecting the selected portion of thesecond programming content while in the second, activated state.
 65. Themethod according to claim 55, wherein the selected portion was broadcastwithin a predetermined period in the past.